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- @071 CHAP 2
-
- ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ CHOICE OF ENTITY: PROFESSIONAL SERVICE │
- │ BUSINESSES AND SIMILAR OPERATIONS │
- └─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- Traditionally, C corporations (professional service
- corporations) have been the legal vehicle of choice for
- most providers of professional services, as well as some
- entertainers and professional athletes. This was primarily
- to take advantage of qualified pension and profit sharing
- plans, tax deductible fringe benefits (medical insurance,
- etc.), income deferral from using a fiscal tax year and low
- tax rates on net income retained by the corporation. Even
- professional partnerships were often structured so that the
- partners in the partnership were mostly or entirely
- professional corporations set up by the individual
- professionals (primarily to take advantage of certain
- provisions of the tax laws regarding pension plans).
-
- Most of these excellent reasons for operating as C
- corporations began to disappear in the 1980s. Since
- 1984, Keogh and S corporation pension and profit sharing
- plans have been given virtual "parity" with C corporation
- plans; the 1986 Act did away with fiscal years for most
- new personal service corporations and virtually prohibited
- the use of separate pension plans for each corporate partner
- in a partnership; and the Revenue Act of 1987 did away with
- graduated tax rates for certain "qualified personal service
- corporations," thus subjecting ALL taxable income of such
- corporations to a flat rate tax of 35%. (Of course, not
- all kinds of service businesses are subject to each of the
- above new restrictions on personal service corporations,
- since the definitions vary slightly in each instance.)
-
- In addition, all C corporations are now subject to eventual
- double taxation on appreciated corporate assets when such
- corporations are eventually liquidated, and are potentially
- subject each year to alternative minimum tax where "adjusted
- current earnings" differ from regular taxable income for
- various corporate income and deduction items. Those
- corporations subject to the 35% flat tax rate must now
- also be very careful in paying out enough salary each year
- to zero out taxable income, to avoid paying this high tax
- rate.
-
- Also, where a new business is expected to operate at a loss
- for a year or more, such losses must be carried forward
- by a C corporation (for 15 years) until the corporation
- generates enough income to use up the losses, or the
- carryovers expire. For an unincorporated service business
- or one operating as an S corporation (or as a "limited
- liability company" or "limited liability partnership," in
- certain states), these early losses may be used by the
- individual owners immediately to offset their other income
- of any kind. (These would not ordinarily be considered
- passive losses.) Note, however, that for shareholders of
- an S corporation to utilize losses, their losses may be
- claimed on their individual tax returns only to the extent
- of their tax basis in their S corporation stock, plus the
- amount of any loans they have made directly to the S
- corporation (simply agreeing to guarantee a loan made to
- the corporation by a lender will NOT give the shareholder
- any tax basis).
-
- Personal service corporations that are C corporations still
- enjoy an advantage over S corporations and unincorporated
- businesses with regard to deductibility of fringe benefits
- for employee-owners, though. However, the rules prohibiting
- discrimination against rank-and-file employees in coverage
- and benefits under these benefit plans have gradually been
- tightened in recent years.
-
- While it is not possible to make any blanket recommendation
- as to the legal form a new personal service business should
- adopt, most advisers today seem to agree that the typical
- professional service corporation should probably avoid C
- corporation status and should strongly consider becoming an
- S corporation or remaining unincorporated, instead. The
- deck has simply become too heavily stacked against most
- kinds of personal service corporations (other than S
- corporations). Where limited liability is important, an
- S corporation will now often be preferable to operating as
- a proprietorship or partnership. Note that in virtually
- all states, a "professional corporation" (medical, law,
- accountancy, etc.) does NOT confer limited liability on
- its shareholders for purposes of malpractice claims,
- however.
-
- A number of states now allow professionals to operate their
- practices in the form of a limited liability company ("LLC").
- LLC laws have now been enacted in every state. However,
- many such states don't allow professionals to use the LLC
- form -- but a number of those states allow a similar type of
- organization called a "limited liability partnership," or LLP.
- In states where professionals can operate in LLC or LLP
- format, they will benefit from some reduction in personal
- liability, but only to the same limited extent as with a
- professional corporation; that is, practitioners will still
- be personally liable for their own acts of professional
- malpractice. An LLP or LLC for a professional is treated
- like a partnership for tax purposes (with the same
- advantages and disadvantages, as compared with a C
- corporation), but with the added benefit of SOME reduction
- of personal liability exposure, which is not provided by a
- regular partnership. In addition, proposed IRS regulations,
- once finally adopted, will allow one-owner LLCs to be set
- up, where allowed by state law, and will treat such single
- owner LLCs as sole proprietorships for federal income tax
- purposes. (Many states do not allow one-member LLCs at
- present, but this will likely change soon after the very
- favorable proposed IRS regulations go into effect.)
-
- @IF173xx]Since your firm operates in a professional service business,
- @IF173xx]it is probable that a professional corporation (or LLC) won't
- @IF173xx]provide limited liability for @NAME.
-
- @IF175xx]PLANNING POINT FOR YOUR FIRM, @NAME:
- @IF175xx]┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- @IF175xx]│Because your firm's business is consulting, however, rather│
- @IF175xx]│than being in a "profession" such as law of medicine, you │
- @IF175xx]│should be able to obtain limited liability by operating the│
- @IF175xx]│business in corporate form, without being a "professional │
- @IF175xx]│corporation." │
- @IF175xx]└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘